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International exchange of education in Hunan Province has been developing gradually with the implementation of the opening up policy By 2005, more than 50 institutions of higher education in Hunan Province had established collegiate friendly exchange relations with nearly 200 colleges or universities, educational institutions and non—governmental organizations abroad. About 500 foreign scholars and professors had been invited each year on the long or short term basis from the United States, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Russia, Britain and other countries or regions to work in 1 30 institutions of higher education, and secondary schools and other relevant educational institutions in Hunan Province.

There is a continuous increase in the number of overseas students to China. In 2005~ mere than 500 overseas students from 10 countries and regions came to study such specialized subjects as Chinese, Chinese Traditional Medicine in 11 institutions of higher education. Meanwhile, Hunan Province sent people abroad for advanced studies and cooperative research work on the government finance or at their own expenses.

The international academic exchanges are increasing steadily, since 2005, Hunan Province hosted many international academic conferences and invited over 200 scholars and relevant figures from abroad to attend the educational conferences.

General Introduction to Hunan Education

Hunan Education System and Education Funds

Elementary Education in Hunan Province

Vocational and Technical Education in Hunan Province

General Higher Education in Hunan Province

Adult Higher Education in Hunan Province

Privately-Run Education in Hunan Province

International Exchange and Cooperation of Education

Hunan is a big province of Education. Since the reform and opening policy, its education has been developing rapidly and making remarkable achievements as a result of innovation. At present, an education system with Chinese characteristics, proper in scale, rational in professional structure and comprehensive in disciplines has been initially set up that meets the needs of Hunan economic and social development and is oriented to the 21st century.  Meanwhile, a rational educational structure has been established in which higher education, basic education, vocational education and adult education are coordinated; pre— service education and in service education are closely connected; diploma educational programs and non diploma educational programs are given the same priority.

In 2005, there were altogether nursery schools and kindergartens with 821,658 children and 29,233 full time teachers in Hunan Province. The number of elementary schools totaled 17,108 with 4,198,314 pupils and 246,112 full time teachers. 99.03 percent of the pupils in that age bracket went to junior schools. Junior secondary schools reached the number of 3,760, with 2,972,610 students and 193,125 full—time terchers.96,77 percent of the students in that age bracket attended junior high school. There were 800 general senior secondary schools with 1,3 18,513 students and 68,324 full time teachers, 67 vocational institutions of higher education (3 year program) with 386,679 students; 63 general polytechnic schools with 258,770 students; 476 vocational schools (including junior vocational schools) with, 387,037 students; 93 general institutions of higher education (3 directly under Ministries and Commissions of the State Council, 80 directly under the provincial government, 10 (privately run) with 742,364 students (5,837 doctors, 26,899 graduates and 370,507 undergraduates) and 35,780 full—time teachers.  The proportion of graduates to undergraduates was 1:11. Colleges and universities in Hunan Province offered 352 PHD programs and 1060 graduate programs .There were 30 centers for postdoctoral studies, 29 academicians from the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Academy of Engineering 33 national and 94 provincial key disciplines. Besides, there were 458 adult schools of various kinds with 133,744 students, 4,264 privately—run schools and educational institutions at different levels and in various forms. More than 20 institutions of higher education in Hunan Province have drawn up collegiate cooperative exchange programs with nearly 60 universities, educational institutions and community—run organizations. More than 500 students from over 10 countries and regions came to Hunan to study such specialized subjects as Chinese, Traditional Chinese Medical Science, etc.

In the aspect of input in education, Hunan Province has been relying mainly on state financial allocations while raising funds from other various channels. In 2003, Hunan’s expenditure on education was 21.611 billion yuan; the financial budgeting allocations on education, 10.261 billion yuan, of which the budgetary operating expenditure on education was 9.952 billion yuan.
 

Up to now, Hunan province has established a properly scaled, rationally structured educational system with comprehensive disciplines and Chinese characteristics that meets the needs of economic and social development of Hunan Province and is oriented to the 21 ~‘ century. In this educational system, schools run by government constitutes the main body, with communal participation as the supplementary. In elementary education, schools run by government forms the major part . Higher education adopts the three—tiered school running system,( by central, provincial and municipal government,) administered by both central and provincial government, coordinated mainly by the latter. Vocational and adult schools, under the overall governmental administration mainly depend on enlisting support from industries, enterprises and social institutions.

The Education Department of Hunan Province is the functional department responsible for all the educational undertakings under the provincial government. Its function is to “make an overall planning and conduct a macro—administration” of the province’s education.

In the aspect of input in education, Hunan Province has been depending mainly on state financial allocations while raising funds from other various channels. In 2003, Hunan’s expenditure on education was 21 .611 billion yuan, of which the financial budgeting allocations on education, 10.261 billion yuan, the budgetary operating expenditure on education, 9.952 billion yuan.
 

The revenue pattern of funds for education is as follows:
10.261 billion yuan for the financial budgeting expenditure on education, being 47.48% of the total revenue.

0.481 billion yuan for the tax revenue for education levied by government at different levels, being 2.23% of the total revenue.

0.342biIIion yuan for school running from enterprises, being 1.58% of the total revenue.

0.236 billion yuan for education from school run industries, work—study programs and social services, being 1 .09% of the total revenue.

1 .257 billion yuan school running from social groups and individuals, being
5.82% of the total revenue.

0.24 billion yuan donated and raised by society, being 1.11 % of the total revenue.

Institutional revenue, 7.879 billion yuan, being 36.46% of the total revenue. Other revenues, 0.91 5 billion yuan, being 4.23%of the total revenue.
 

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Since the Eighth Five—Year Plan, under the guidance of the policy “emancipating the mind, deepening the reform, making continuous development and steady improvement” , elementary education in Hunan Province has developed rapidly and the quality of education has been enhanced.

By 2002, the rate of primary school attendance had hit 96.56% among all students of that age bracket, and the rate of junior secondary school attendance, 96%, up by 3% over 2001. There were altogether 24,673 elementary schools with 4,686,892 students and 260,704 full—time teachers, 3,924 junior secondary schools with 3,822,026 students and 203,096 full—time teachers.

In 2005, there were 800 general senior secondary schools with 1,318,513 students and 68,324 fulltime teachers. Compared with 2004, the number of general senior secondary schools increased by27, that of students by 127,980 and that of full—time teachers by 5,963. The percentage of students entering junior secondary schools reached 65.87%, up by 2.14 percentage points over 2004.

In 2005, there were 4,359 nursery schools and kindergartens in Hunan Province, with 821,685 children and 29,233 full—time teachers.

There were 53 schools for special education, which had 9,372 students and 948 fulltime teachers. Compared with 2004, the enrollment of students decreased by 7353.

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Vocational and technical education in Hunan Province has made remarkable achievements. In 2005, there were 60 vocational institutions of higher education 3-year program I with 371,000 students. Compared with 2004, the number of schools increased by 12, the enrollment of students increased by 24,500, and the number of students studying at school increased by 66,000 24% Hunan Province boasts 1 national demonstration school, 3 national demonstration specialties, 1 3 national and 149 provincial experimental specialties for educational reform, There were 689 general polytechnic schools of 741,000 students, with an admission of 353.300 new students and 165,000 graduates. The total enrollment in 2005 in secondary vocational schools of the province was 353300 increasing by 53.000 compared with the year before. Great efforts have been made to develop secondary vocational education and key demonstration specialties. Now we have 6 national and 22 provincial key specialties and 53 others . There are altogether 81 secondary vocational schools that have passed the assessment of national key secondary vocational schools.

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DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN HUNAN 2001-2003

There has been considerable development in Hunnan's general higher education since the implementation of the reform and opening up policy. 

In 2001, there were 61 colleges and universities with 331,300 students. Among them 10,589 were postgraduates, 2,177 doctors, 8,412 graduates, 185,208 undergraduates f4—year program, 105,935 students of 2 to 3 year higher education programs. The ratio of graduates to 4-year undergraduates was 1:17. The total number of the school staff in the province was 53,119 and 23,878 of which were full-time teachers. The proportion of students to teachers was 1:13

The year 2002 witnessed the reform of the management system of higher education, together with the merge of colleges and the adjustment of educational structure. In that year, Hunan Province had 60 institutions of higher education, 3 of which were directly under Ministries and Commissions of the State Council, 57 directly under the provincial government. The number of students studying in colleges and universities totaled 419,437, of which 14,147 were postgraduates, 2,762 doctors and 11,385 graduates, up by 33.6% over 2000. The number of undergraduates totaled 232,767. The ratio of postgraduate students to 4 year undergraduate students was 1:16. Hunan Province had a teaching staff of 56,590, including 26,715 full time teachers.
 

In 2005 there were 93 institutions of higher education in Hunan Province, 3 of which were directly under Ministries and Commissions of the State Council, 80 directly under the provincial government, 10 privately—run. A multidisciplinary and comprehensive higher education system had been established, which included 11 disciplines: Philosophy, Economics, Science of Law, Science of Education, Literature, History, Science, Polytechnology, Agriculture, Medicine and Management. In 2005 the total enrollment of students in institutions of higher education was 742364 Of this figure, 26839 were postgraduates 5837 doctors, and 370507 undergraduates.
 

The proportion of postgraduates to undergraduates was 1:11 In 2005 Hunan Province had a teaching staff of 80766, including 45272 full— time teachers, 28.18% of whom, or 7,430 had a Master or above degree; professors or associate professors added up to 17548, taking up 38.74% of the total number of full time teachers. 352 PhD programs and 11O6 graduate programs were offered in institutions of higher education . There were 30 centers for post doctoral studies, 29 academicians from both the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Academy of Engineering, 33 national key disciplines and 94 provincial key disciplines
 

With their emphasis on fostering professional talents, colleges and universities in Hunan Province make efforts to explore ways of integrating teaching, research and production, and carry out scientific research and development. In 2005, institutions of higher education in Hunan Province undertook 107 scientific research projects of National "863" Program, 544 projects of National Natural Science Foundation , 1 53 National Social Science Foundation . In 2005, colleges and universities of Hunan province were awarded 12 prizes of national science and technology.

Institutions of higher education in Hunan Province also exert their efforts in establishing high tech industries, strengthening their social service functions, organizing scientific research forces actively, participating in economic construction and accelerating the transformation of the scientific and technological achievements into actual production force. A good number of major findings in scientific research have achieved great social and economic benefits. For instance, some projects have attained international levels and therefore been internationally popularized.
While preparing qualified personnel for social and economic development, higher education has increasingly become a main force bringing forth new ideas in science and technology. By the end of 2005, colleges and universities in Hunan Province had established 8 national and 11 ministerial key laboratories, 3 national and 6 ministerial key engineering research centers and l8 provincial key labs.

 

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Adult education in Hunan Province includes school education, literacy classes and other forms of education. By 2005, 1893 adult schools of 449148 students had been established in Hunan Province. Of all adult schools, 20 were institutions of higher education with 1 85 306 students and an admission of 84,879 new students: 114 were secondary schools, with 21396 students:

1563 technical training schools for adults, with 228386 students: 196 primary schools for adults, with 14061 students. In 2005, there were 50059 graduates who finished either short 2—to— 3 year or 4—year higher education programs. Due to the rapid development of general education, the scale of adult education was reduced in 2000, 2003 and 2005. Diploma program in adult education is on the decline in contrast with the on—going development of job—specific training and continuous education.

Up to now, we have established a complete life—long education system which aims at enhancing the moral awareness as well as the science and culture awareness of the labor force, stresses on job—specific training and integrates with primary education, vocational and technical education and higher education. Communal education is also growing vigorously which offers more service platforms for the shift of the country’s surplus labor force as well as the job shift of the laid-off workers and for the training of reemployment. In 2005, after YuHua District of ChangSha city was rated as one of the first National Communal Experimental District of Education, YueLu District of ChangSha was given the same honor.

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Privately—run education refers to the activities of schools at different levels and in various forms, together with the activities of educational institutions managed by non—governmental organizations or individuals, and supported by non—governmental financial expenditure. In 2005, there were 4,580 privately— run schools or educational institutions at different levels and in various forms, including 3399 privately—run kindergartens, 555general elementary and secondary schools, 241 secondary vocational schools, privately run institutions of higher education with diploma program.

At present, Hunan privately—run education of various forms and levels has covered every educational stage, from preschool education to higher education and has initially formed a school—running pattern in which government pays the main part with the active involvement of various social groups.

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Reproduced with permission from the Hunan Provincial Ministry of Education.